Sahaba · 600–661 CE

Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)

Asadullah — Lion of Allah

Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet ﷺ, the fourth Caliph of Islam, and one of the greatest scholars among the companions. Raised in the Prophet's ﷺ household, he was among the very first to accept Islam. Known equally for his extraordinary bravery in battle, his profound scholarship, and the depth of his piety. He is the gateway through which much knowledge of the Prophet's ﷺ inner spiritual life was preserved.

12 narrations across 6 domains

Shamail

His Description of the Prophet ﷺ

The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was neither very tall nor very short. He was of medium stature. His hair was neither curly nor straight — it had a slight wave. He had a large head. His face was white tinged with redness. He had large black eyes with very long eyelashes. He had a wide chest, and the gap between his shoulders was wide. His hands and feet were large. When he walked, he lifted his feet with vigor, as though walking downhill. When he turned to speak to someone, he turned his whole body.

Shamail al-Tirmidhi 7, Narrated by Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)

Ali (RA) grew up in the same household as the Prophet ﷺ, having been raised by him from childhood. His description is among the most detailed we have — the portrait of someone who watched him every day for decades.

Shamail

His Own Physical Courage

On the Day of Khaybar, the Prophet ﷺ said: Tomorrow I will give the flag to a man through whose hands Allah will grant victory — a man who loves Allah and His Messenger, and whom Allah and His Messenger love. That night the people speculated about who it would be. In the morning they came to the Prophet ﷺ each hoping it would be him. He called for Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA), who came though he was suffering from sore eyes. The Prophet ﷺ applied his saliva to his eyes and they were healed. He gave Ali the flag and Allah granted victory through him.

Sahih Bukhari 3701, Narrated by Sahl ibn Sa'd (RA)

He came to the Prophet ﷺ with an ailment and left cured, carrying the flag. Physical courage and trust in Allah are inseparable in this account — and the prophetic gesture of healing before the mission is itself a sunnah of care before sending.

Trade & Business

Earning by His Hands

Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) used to hire himself out to work with his hands — drawing water from wells and doing agricultural labor — to earn money for his family when they were in need. He once worked irrigating a Jewish man's garden, receiving one date per bucket of water he drew, and came home to the Prophet ﷺ with a handful of dates from his labor.

Musannaf Ibn Abi Shayba 7:126, Historical narration

The cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet ﷺ, a man who would become Caliph, drew water from wells for dates. He did not wait for support to come to him. He found work with his hands and brought home what he earned, however small.

Trade & Business

On Lawful Earnings

Let the merchant and the craftsman be held in high regard and recommended good conduct for them. Know that most of them are miserly by nature, hoarding goods, and creating harmful monopolies. This is a source of harm to the public. Prevent monopoly, for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade it. Let trade be easy and let the scales be just.

Nahj al-Balagha, Letter 53 (to Malik al-Ashtar), Attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)

In his letter of governance to his appointed governor, Ali devoted detailed attention to market regulation. He named the dangers — hoarding, monopoly, price manipulation — and gave clear instructions. This is applied economic ethics from the fourth Caliph.

Family Life

Dividing Household Work with Fatimah (RA)

Fatimah (RA) complained to the Prophet ﷺ about the hardship of hand-grinding flour. Ali said: I came with her to the Prophet ﷺ and asked him for a servant. He said: Shall I not tell you of something better than what you have asked for? When you go to bed, say Subhanallah thirty-three times, Alhamdulillah thirty-three times, and Allahu Akbar thirty-four times. That is better for you than a servant. Ali said: I never abandoned this after the Prophet ﷺ taught it to us. Someone asked: Not even on the night of Siffin? He said: Not even on the night of Siffin.

Sahih Bukhari 5361, Narrated by Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)

He said these remembrances even on the night of Siffin — one of the bloodiest nights of the first Muslim civil war. Whatever was happening in the world, the practice established in his household continued. The private devotional life was armor for the public one.

Family Life

His Love for Fatimah (RA)

Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) asked for the hand of Abu Jahl's daughter while married to Fatimah (RA). When Fatimah heard this, she went to the Prophet ﷺ. The Prophet ﷺ stood up and said: Fatimah is a part of me. Whatever distresses her distresses me. I will not permit Ali to marry another woman while Fatimah lives, unless he divorces Fatimah first. So Ali abandoned the proposal.

Sahih Bukhari 3767, Narrated by al-Miswar ibn Makhramah (RA)

The Prophet's ﷺ intervention was immediate and definitive. He did not adjudicate between Ali and Fatimah — he stood beside his daughter. Ali honored the boundary without resentment. This episode preserved the marriage and revealed the Prophet's ﷺ profound care for his daughter's emotional wellbeing.

Social Life

His Justice Between People

Ali (RA) lost his armor and later found it in the possession of a Jewish man selling it in the market. He brought the matter before the judge Shurayh, saying: This armor is mine. I did not sell it or give it away. Shurayh said: Do you have a witness? Ali said: Yes — my son Hasan. Shurayh said: A son's testimony for his father is not admissible. Ali accepted the ruling without protest and left. The Jewish man was so moved by this that he said: The Commander of the Believers brings me before his own judge and the judge rules against him — I bear witness that this is the truth. He then returned the armor and accepted Islam.

Sahih Bukhari 6991, Narrated by al-Sha'bi

He was the Caliph, he was right, and he lost the case — and he accepted it. The Jewish man converted to Islam because of what he witnessed in that courtroom: a ruler who submitted to the rule of law even when it ruled against him.

Social Life

Equal Treatment Regardless of Status

By Allah, I would rather spend the night in wakefulness on thorns of sa'dan (a thorny plant) and be dragged in chains of iron than meet Allah and His Messenger having oppressed any of His servants or having seized anything from the goods of this world. How can I oppress anyone for a body that is fading quickly toward old age and that must remain for a long time under the ground?

Nahj al-Balagha, Sermon 216, Attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)

This is the ethical framework behind his governance: the awareness of personal decay and ultimate accountability made oppression literally unthinkable to him. He could not oppress people he would one day face before Allah.

Spiritual Life

His Intense Prayer at Dawn

It is narrated that Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) would tremble when the time of prayer approached. He was asked about this and said: The time has come for a trust that Allah presented to the heavens and the earth and the mountains and they refused to bear it — but the human being bore it. And I do not know whether I will carry out this trust well or not.

Siyar A'lam al-Nubala 1:252 (al-Dhahabi), Historical narration

He trembled at the prayer call. Not as weakness — he was a man of extraordinary physical courage. He trembled because he understood what prayer was: a covenant with the Creator that the creation itself had declined. This is reverential awe in its most complete form.

Spiritual Life

His Supplication in the Night

O Allah, I ask You by Your mercy which encompasses all things; by Your strength by which You overpower all things and submit to it all things; by Your might against which nothing stands; by Your greatness which has filled all things; by Your authority which is exalted above all things; by Your face which subsists after the annihilation of all things — forgive me my sins which have torn away the veils of modesty before You.

Nahj al-Balagha, Dua Kumayl (widely transmitted), Attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA)

The Dua Kumayl is one of the most moving supplications preserved in the Islamic tradition. It is attributed to Ali (RA) who taught it to Kumayl ibn Ziyad. Whether it is entirely his composition or received from the Prophet ﷺ, it reflects the depth of his knowledge of divine attributes and the sincerity of his private relationship with Allah.

Private Life

His Patched and Simple Clothing

It is narrated that Ali ibn Abi Talib (RA) used to wear simple, worn garments and patch them himself. He said: I am ashamed before Allah to put on the garments of splendor while around me there are those who cannot cover themselves.

Hilyat al-Awliya 1:84 (Abu Nu'aym), Historical narration

He gave a reason for his simplicity: shame. Not performance, not rule-following — personal shame at wearing fine cloth while others went without. Simplicity rooted in awareness of others is a form of social consciousness as much as spiritual practice.

Private Life

His Recitation of Quran Through the Night

It is narrated that Ali (RA) would often spend long hours in the night reciting Quran in prayer, and that those who stayed near his house in Kufa could hear his recitation long after people had gone to sleep. On some nights he was heard reciting until dawn.

Siyar A'lam al-Nubala 1:254 (al-Dhahabi), Historical narration

The nights of the Caliph were not spent strategizing over affairs of state but in Quran recitation until the call to Fajr came. The private devotional life ran beneath the public life like an underground river — invisible to most, but the source of everything above.